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㶲者,熱理能量也。
㶲減夷常以 I {\displaystyle I} 示之。 I = T 0 S g e n {\displaystyle I=T_{0}S_{\mathrm {gen} }}
收㶲 E x , u {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {x,u} }} 耗㶲 E x , p {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {x,p} }} 之比曰: η e x = E x , u E x , p {\displaystyle \eta _{\mathrm {e_{x}} }={\frac {E_{\mathrm {x,u} }}{E_{\mathrm {x,p} }}}}
熱 T 0 {\displaystyle T_{0}} 系统 T > T 0 {\displaystyle T>T_{0}} 熱量㶲曰: E x , Q = ∫ 1 2 ( 1 − T 0 T ) δ Q = Q − T 0 ∫ 1 2 δ Q T = Q − T 0 Δ S {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {x,Q} }=\int _{1}^{2}(1-{\frac {T_{0}}{T}})\delta Q=Q-T_{0}\int _{1}^{2}{\frac {\delta Q}{T}}=Q-T_{0}\Delta S} 。
熱 T 0 {\displaystyle T_{0}} 系统 T < T 0 {\displaystyle T<T_{0}} ,吸 Q c {\displaystyle Q_{c}} 者冷量㶲曰: E x , Q c = ∫ 1 2 ( T 0 T − 1 ) δ Q = T 0 Δ S − Q c {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {x,Q_{c}} }=\int _{1}^{2}({\frac {T_{0}}{T}}-1)\delta Q=T_{0}\Delta S-Q_{c}}
任意態封閉系统 p {\displaystyle p} 、 T {\displaystyle T} 、 V {\displaystyle V} 、 U {\displaystyle U} 、 S {\displaystyle S} 至衡 p 0 {\displaystyle p_{0}} 、 T 0 {\displaystyle T_{0}} 、 V 0 {\displaystyle V_{0}} 、 U 0 {\displaystyle U_{0}} 、 S 0 {\displaystyle S_{0}} ,能㶲最大有用功曰: E x , U = W u , m a x = U − U 0 − T 0 ( S − S 0 ) + p 0 ( V − V 0 ) {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {x,U} }=W_{\mathrm {u,max} }=U-U_{0}-T_{0}(S-S_{0})+p_{0}(V-V_{0})}
能㶲曰: A n , U = U − E x , U = U 0 + T 0 ( S − S 0 ) − p 0 ( V − V 0 ) {\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {n,U} }=U-E_{\mathrm {x,U} }=U_{0}+T_{0}(S-S_{0})-p_{0}(V-V_{0})}
A n , H = H − E x , H = H 0 + T 0 ( S − S 0 ) {\displaystyle A_{\mathrm {n,H} }=H-E_{\mathrm {x,H} }=H_{0}+T_{0}(S-S_{0})}