南非種族隔離
南非種族隔離(南非語:Apartheid,隔絕也),制度也,一九四八年至一九九〇年代初施行於南非、西南非洲(今納米比亞),以隔種界。(人口登籍法,種族隔離諸法所恃也,一九九一年官令廢焉。[一][二]一九九四年,南非大選,不辨種界,方得政府之不持種族之義者。[三])南非之種族隔離,以威服之風行政,以白人種尊為基,以使白人以寡眾而馭國之政治、群系、食貨也。[四]其等之加於群也,以白人公民為尊,次亞裔、色人,次黑人。[四]制度所遺於群貨者,其流至今。[五][六][七]種族隔離,有廣有微:微者,以種別公器、集會也;廣者,以種定居所、工闕所歸。[八]先一九四〇年,種族隔離已肇端於白人之以寡馭眾,別黑人於他種,及後則定關符法、施隔離於分畝也;[九][一〇]至一九四八年大選,國民黨執政,官立為策。[一一]法定種界等級,十八世紀荷蘭帝國殖民於南非時始有之;先是,荷蘭殖民已隙於各民所出、克里奧爾化之奴隸也。[一二]後十九世紀末十年,英屬開普殖民地日庶,工業日振,種界之法,曩所馳者,復始益嚴,鍾乎黑人。[一三]布爾諸共和國,其法亦別種界:若德蘭士瓦憲法,絕黑人、色人於政、教焉。[一四]種族隔離諸法,立法最先者,一九四九年異種通婚禁案也;其後曰悖德案,施於一九五〇年;自此,南非人異種通婚、結合,幾咸非法。[一五]一九五〇年人口登籍案,辨南非人為四類,曰黑人、白人、色人、印度人,其後二者復各辨為數類云。[一六]人之所居,以種界定之。[一五]自[[一九六〇年[[,至一九八三年,非裔黑人,迫於隔離之法,見徙於隔種之里者,有三百五十萬,近代寰宇,徙人之巨,鮮堪較者。[一七]其徙也,以限黑人於十「群祖地」,或曰「班圖斯坦」者,其四號稱自立而國。[一五]官府吿以見徙者銷其南非國籍,以化於班圖斯坦故。[八]種族隔離一策,南非內外,非者甚眾,二十世紀之大風潮,由是起者數。[一八]聯合國譴難頻仍,兵、貨禁運,因加於南非焉。[一九]一九七十年代至一九八十年代,南非國內,隔離之抗日武,國民黨官府遂以暴鎮之;抗者派系之爭,亦興干戚,數千人死、囚於是。[二〇]種族隔離之改革,如迎印度有色二種代表之入議會者,而抗會多不服之。[二一]自一八八七年,至一九九三年,國民黨與非洲人國民大會商議。非洲人國民大會者,抗種族隔離諸群之首。商議者,以廢隔離,啟眾治也。[二一][二二]一九九〇年,官府釋所囚之非洲人國民大會顯人,如納爾遜曼德拉者。[二三]一九九一年七月十七日,種族隔離諸法廢焉,[二]俟一九九四年四月不辨種界之普選也。[二四]
據
[纂]- ↑ Repeal of Population Registration Act
- 1 2 South Africa ends racial classifications- Associated Press
- ↑ Bartusis氏(名Mark)《Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict》126–132。Routledge Books刊諸New York,ISBN 978-0415627689。
- 1 2 Mayne氏(名Alan)《From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms》第五十二頁。Praeger刊諸Westport, Connecticut,ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0。
- ↑ Despite the 1994 political victory against apartheid, its economic legacy persists by Haydn Cornish-Jenkins (英文)- South African History Online
- ↑ 'Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy' - SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.
- ↑ Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy
- 1 2 Crompton氏(名Samuel Willard)《Desmond Tutu: Fighting Apartheid》34–35。Chelsea House, Publishers以二〇〇七年刊諸New York,ISBN 978-0791092217。
- ↑ Jacklyn Cock, Laurie Nathan《War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa》36–37, 283–289。New Africa Books以一九八九年刊之,ISBN 978-0-86486-115-3。
- ↑ Breckenridge氏(名Keith)《Biometric State: The Global Politics of Identification and Surveillance in South Africa, 1850 to the Present》70–74。Cambridge University Press刊諸Cambridge,ISBN 978-1107077843。
- ↑ Ottoway氏(名Marina)《South Africa: The Struggle for a New Order》23–26。Brookings Institution Press刊諸Washington,ISBN 978-0815767152。
- ↑ Glaser氏(名Daryl)《Politics and Society in South Africa》9–12。Sage Publications刊諸London,ISBN 978-0761950172。
- ↑ Bickford-Smith氏(名Vivian)《Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice in Victorian Cape Town: Group identity and social practice, 1875—1902》190–192。Cambridge University Press刊諸Cambridge,ISBN 978-0521526395。
- ↑ Dyzenhaus氏(名David)《Hard Cases in Wicked Legal Systems: South African Law in the Perspective of Legal Philosophy》35–36。Oxford University Press刊諸Oxford,ISBN 978-0198252924。
- 1 2 3 Walton氏(名F. Carl)、Udayakumar氏(名S.P.)、Muck氏(名William)、McIlwain氏(名Charlton)、Kramer氏(名Eric)、Jensen氏(名Robert)、Ibrahim氏(名Vivian)、Caliendo氏(名Stephen Maynard)、Asher氏(名Nhia)《The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity》103–105。Routledge Books刊諸New York,ISBN 978-0415777070。
- ↑ Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; London, Lesley; du Gruchy, Jeanelle (1999). An ambulance of the wrong colour: health professionals, human rights and ethics in South Africa. Juta and Company Limited. p. 18
- ↑ South Africa – Overcoming Apartheid - 存於二〇一三年十二月十四日自原本。
- ↑ Lodge氏(名Tim)《Sharpeville: An Apartheid Massacre and Its Consequences》234–235。Oxford University Press刊諸Oxford,ISBN 978-0192801852。
- ↑ Lodge氏(名Tom)《Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945》。Longman以一九八三年刊諸New York。
- ↑ Pandey氏(名Satish Chandra)《International Terrorism and the Contemporary World》197–199。Sarup & Sons, Publishers刊諸New Delhi,ISBN 978-8176256384。
- 1 2 Thomas氏(名Scott)《The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960》202–210。Tauris Academic Studies刊諸London,ISBN 978-1850439936。
- ↑ De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa- BBC News - 存於二〇〇九年二月十五日自原本。
- ↑ Why FW de Klerk let Nelson Mandela out of prison
- ↑ Mitchell氏(名Thomas)《Native vs Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland and South Africa》第八頁。Greenwood Publishing Group刊諸Westport,ISBN 978-0313313578。