言動非禮
言動而非禮者,今華言謂之性騷擾(英文sexual harassment),蓋指以淫言褻行相干,不論明挑暗喻,甚或利誘色求,而為人所疾者也[一]。此實欺凌之屬。受之者雖以婦女居多,然男子亦或遇之。其為害也,傷人形氣,亂人心志,敗人門風,礙人公事,誠不可忽也[二]。
至若平交之際,發乎情,止乎禮,或為言笑,或為撫慰,本出善意者,固不違於律令[三]。然若強觸人身(華言:非禮),犯其私隱,礙其行止,令人怨惡,縱未得逞,亦謂之非禮[一][四][五]。其端不一:或出穢語,或露形體,或寄淫詞,或覘人私影而傳之,皆歸此類[六]。其為害也,略有二端:一曰強索懽好;二曰求之不遂,反生毀謗,致令受者心神重創,交遊道絕,復見擯於職場。
今世諸國,多立律以禁之,定為公罪,然多屬不告不理。此弊多生於官署、商肆之中,或居上者恃權以脅下,或同儕相狎以戲侮。考其律意,言動而非禮者,大抵分爲兩端:一曰要挾,謂以利易色也;二曰滋擾,謂肆行褻狎,使人不堪其擾也。若乃言語微末之侮,偶一爲之,或尚不深究;若乃滋擾無已,使人生怨,甚而妨礙執事、橫遭黜退者,則難逃三尺之法矣[七]。
遇此等事,受之者往往顧全情面,隱忍不發,致令狂徒得寸進尺。故臨事之際,宜遽離其處,大聲峻拒,或呼人走救,方為明哲。然亦有懼遭構陷而不敢言者,據美國察士考證,言其事而遭報復者,達百分之七十五[八]。是以今之公肆、學府與百司,皆務設法以防患未然,保民人之安,正職業之倫,此亦義理之當然,政制之所重者也[七]。
夫「非禮」者,本謂悖乎禮法之行也。《論語》載孔子之言曰:「非禮勿視,非禮勿聽,非禮勿言,非禮勿動。」然後世香江律例,乃借此詞專指「猥褻侵犯」之罪。蓋猥褻者,乘人不備,或強拂人意,而肆其淫行也。其跡彰彰者,若探捫私處是已;其跡微者,若撫臀、強吻,雖難遽定為極惡,然統觀香江,凡強接肌膚而令人嫌惡者,皆坐以「非禮」之重條。[九]

若夫「性騷擾」一詞,實泰西譯語。其行雖自古中外皆有,然以此為專名者,實始於近世。西元一九七三年,泰西麻省理工書院總管羅瑪麗(Mary Rowe)撰《土星環》(Saturn's Rings)一札,歷陳男女相處之弊,始見此語[一〇]。羅氏自謂此詞非其首創,蓋彼邦女流之會,早有論及;然以黌宮重地而明立規條、禁絕斯弊者,實自麻省始。當是時,院議明言:凡以膚色乃至種界、形界而故相輕薄者,皆為凌虐;院長亦嚴申斯旨,謂性騷擾與偏私,皆悖黌舍作育之本旨,法所不容也。
迨一九九九年,西儒蘇珊·布朗米(Susan Brownmiller)著《吾輩之時代》一書,追述一九七五年康奈爾書院(Cornell)女權之士創制此詞之始末。其言曰:「昔吾儕八人聚於一室,欲張榜以伸女權,苦無切當之詞。初擬『淫威』(sexual intimidation)、『逼淫』(sexual coercion)、『挾淫以役人』(sexual exploitation on the job)等語,皆病其未安。蓋吾儕所求者,乃一言以蔽之,無論行跡顯晦,凡屢行輕薄而不輟者,皆在其中。忽有人唱『騷擾』二字,眾皆撫掌曰:『性騷擾!得之矣!』」
此輩數人,有林·法利(英語:Lin Farley)、蘇珊·梅耶(Susan Meyer)、卡倫·索維尼(Karen Sauvigne)等,遂結「婦女力作會」;越明年,復有克氏(Freada Klein)等,結爲同盟,以拒逼淫。七〇年代之末,倡明騷擾之弊天下,大啟民智者,皆斯數會之先驅也。
- 1 2 Paludi氏(名Michele A.)、Barickman氏(名Richard B.)《Academic and workplace sexual harassment: a resource manual》〈Definitions and incidence of academic and workplace sexual harassment〉2–8。SUNY Press以一九九一年刊諸Albany, NY,ISBN 9780791408308。
- ↑ Cortina, Lilia M.; Areguin, Maira A. Putting People Down and Pushing Them Out: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace (PDF). Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2021, 8: 287–288, 294. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-055606.
- ↑ 猥亵罪的行为要怎么认定 互聯網檔案館存錄,時二〇一四年八月十二日。 (網頁存錄,藏於網際檔案館),找法网
- ↑ Sexual Harassment
- ↑ 如何应对“性骚扰”课程走进中国小学课堂 (網頁存錄,藏於網際檔案館),亚太日报,2013年5月29日
- ↑ Dziech, Billie Wright; Weiner, Linda. The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus. Chicago Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-8070-3100-1; Boland, 2002.
- 1 2 Heymann, Jody; Moreno, Gonzalo; Raub, Amy; Sprague, Aleta. Progress Towards Ending Sexual Harassment at Work? A Comparison of Sexual Harassment Policy in 192 Countries. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice. 4 March 2023, 25 (2): 172–193. ISSN 1387-6988. doi:10.1080/13876988.2022.2100698.
- ↑ 、National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia; Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine; Policy and Global Affairs《Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine》24–27。National Academies Press以二〇一八年刊諸Washington, D.C.,Bibcode: 2018nap..book24994N,doi: 10.17226/24994,ISBN 978-0-309-47087-2,PMID 29894119。
- ↑ A. 猥褻侵犯罪(非禮罪) (中文傳承字)
- ↑ 羅瑪麗撰《土星環》一文,考究形界偏見之微末,論其何以於商賈及公益會中,長養歧視而阻抑平權;載於Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. 其《土星環之二》(Saturn's Rings II),乃一九七五年之增修本,臚列一九七四及一九七五兩年間種界與形界歧視之行跡。後復經刪定重梓,易名《歧視之微末:亟須之援助》(The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support),收於Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. ISBN 978-0-13-645382-6.