茹費理
外觀

茹費理 (法文 Jules Ferry),法蘭西人。西元一八三二年四月五日,誕於孚日聖迪耶。
生平
[纂]年十八,舉家徙巴黎,登法學院。一八五四年,充律師。嗣後遷報館總編[一],每上書極論法皇將吏貪鄙,為言者所美。一八六九年,以共和黨人入選議員。明年,法普構釁,普軍大破法人於色當,虜法皇,諸將麥克馬洪、巴贊等俱潰降。九月,國防政府立,命茹氏為巴黎市長,督辦輜糧。和議既定,復以孚日省代表選充國民議會。一八七九年,召入閣,累擢教育、外交部長。一八八零年九月,授內閣總理。茹氏已執政,更化學制弊竇,請立費理法[二],擇世俗學粹者充大學教授,黜逐神職教員,政教始分立。令各省普設學堂,民間幼童皆使就學應試。
初,歐洲列強偕拓殖非、亞諸邦。時法人據突尼斯,遣使往馬達加斯加、剛果境勘殖民利便,獲利厚。又欲徙越南通商傳教,越人援禁教例弗許,法軍遂入據西貢 ,陷高棉,置交趾支那。先是,普法議和,責法政府償費五十億,割阿爾薩斯與洛林地畀普人。茹氏感侵侮,亟思振興,由是孜孜廓疆海外圖自強。一八八一年七月,茹氏請用兵越南;未幾,法將李維業攻取河內,脅越人訂約。越南向隸清為屬國,法軍抵北圻,遇清人劉永福所部戰。一八八三年,永福擒斬李維業,釁始起[三]。是年,茹氏遣遠東艦隊司令孤拔征清,及至閩海,殲其水師殆盡,破清軍於馬尾。一八八四年,法軍拔基隆,陷澎湖,尋攻臺北,為提督劉銘傳敗之。明年,清軍克復鎮南關、諒山諸城。三月,孤拔率艦隊攻浙,清軍炮擊其艦於鎮海,法軍稍勢蹙。事聞,巴黎輿情嘩然,議院以喪師糜帑交章劾茹氏調度失機[四]。四月,茹氏疏求退,留任議員如故。一八八七年十二月,茹氏遽遇刺,重創,臥疾歸養。一八九三年二月,起參議院議長。三月十七日,茹氏卒,時年六十,議會予祭葬。
引據
[纂]- ↑ Hughes·Conrad Education and Elitism: Challenges and Opportunities ; Routledge; ISBN 978-1-000-37731-6; 「Jules Ferry (1832–1893), republican philosopher and politician, who became minister of public instruction, put in place a series of laws from 1881 to 1882 that would make primary education free and compulsory to all those living in the French nation.」
- ↑ Ichilov·Orit The Retreat from Public Education: Global and Israeli Perspectives ; Springer Science & Business Media; ISBN 978-1-4020-9570-2; 「Jules Ferry, the then Minister of Public Instruction is regarded as the founder of “the modern republican school” (1 ́echole republican). The Jules Ferry's laws established free education in 1881, then mandatory and laic education in 1882」
- ↑ Taylor, A. J. P. Germany's First Bid For Colonies, 1884–1885: A Move in Bismarck's European Policy (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. – the Norton Library, 1970), pp. 17–31: Chapter 1. Bismarck's Approach to France, December 1883 – April 1884.
- ↑ Jules Ferry - 存於25 August 2006自原本。