托馬斯·傑斐遜

美利堅合眾國總統
名諱	托馬斯·傑斐遜
生卒	西元一七四三年四月十三日; 至一八二六年七月四日
在位	西元一八〇一年三月四日; 至一八〇九年三月四日
政權	美國
陵墓	維吉尼亞州蒙蒂塞洛
先君	老亞當斯
嗣君	麥迪遜

托馬斯·傑斐遜 （英文 Thomas Jefferson），美利堅人。西元一七四三年四月十三日，誕於維吉尼亞沙德韋爾。

生平

父彼得，家世務農，貲豐厚。傑氏軀長，金髮灰睛，美容止。年二十登威廉瑪麗學院哲學士，明習書史、數算、律法、營造、格致及西洋諸文字^[一]。累遷維吉尼亞州市民院議員、眾議員。一七七九年，傑氏以維吉尼亞議員選充州長。先是，美國革命起，傑氏尋充大陸會議，與諸代表亞當斯、富蘭克林等立《獨立宣言》於費城，英王既黜，美人獨立至此始。一七八五年，邦聯以傑氏諳外交薦出使法國。及籌備立憲，傑氏駐法不得歸，條上制憲事宜^[二]。一七八九年，總統華盛頓召傑氏還。九月，入閣，擢國務卿，頗預機要焉。時英法構釁，傑氏請援法人與英軍戰；副總統亞當斯、財長漢密爾頓、大法官傑伊等皆不附，議遂寢。傑氏怒甚，疏求退，還蒙蒂塞洛。

及華盛頓休致，復視事。一七九七年三月，入選副總統。先是，傑氏素厭漢密爾頓，輒因議政齟齬^[三]，乃偕議員麥迪遜結徒講演，創立民主共和黨；而總統亞當斯袒漢密爾頓，威福集中央，遂號為聯邦黨，黨爭勢愈熾^[四]。傑氏屢陳合眾自主，抗言爭州權，訐聯邦黨人集權異說，聲聞益顯。一八〇一年，總統議改選，諸州代表推戴傑氏嗣元首位。傑氏為人端重，長於應變，及柄國，銳意治新政，議興教化、貿易、勸農諸事。傑氏令禁革糜款雜費，汰政府冗吏以寬恤民間，設大學於維吉尼亞，物議咸稱頌。

初，法人鏖戰歐洲侵諸國，兵浸衰，遽欲棄路易斯安那屬地^[五]。傑氏探其訊，召國務卿麥迪遜入宮議購地事，尋遣門羅使巴黎，詣法皇，籌擬畫疆。一八〇三年，美政府償費一千五百萬畀法人。四月，購地約成，定界起落磯山以東屬美國^[六]，廓幅員萬里。一八〇四年五月，命長隨劉易斯等往太平洋沿岸察勘形勢，羈縻西境印第安番部，募勇墾闢荒地。是年七月，副總統伯爾與漢密爾頓以釁私鬥，漢氏旋中鎗殞。訃聞，聯邦黨人多哀之，傑政府軫悼。明年，伯爾落職，以克林頓補副總統。一八〇九年三月，傑氏任滿求退，歸里，於是益潛心著學術，釣獵酒酣自娛；然傑氏蓄奴終老，為輿論譏之^[七]。一八二六年七月四日，傑氏卒於家，年八十三。一九二五年，國會追敘傑氏功，予刻其像於拉什莫爾山。

親眷

傑氏娶婦懷爾斯，孕五女。一七八二年懷爾斯卒，世傳曰傑氏納妻妹海明斯為姬侍。

排行	名諱	生母	註釋
一	瑪莎	懷爾斯
二	簡	懷爾斯	早夭
三	瑪麗	懷爾斯
四	露西	懷爾斯	早夭
五	伊麗莎白	懷爾斯	早夭

引據

↑ Thomas Jefferson
↑ 、The Essential Jefferson ; Hackett Publishing，二千有六年; ISBN 978-1603843782
↑ Larson·Edward J. A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign ：第二十一頁; Simon and Schuster，二千有七年; ISBN 9780743293174; 「The divisions between Adams and Jefferson were exasperated by the more extreme views expressed by some of their partisans, particularly the High Federalists led by Hamilton on what was becoming known as the political right, and the democratic wing of the Republican Party on the left, associated with New York Governor George Clinton and Pennsylvania legislator Albert Gallatin, among others.」
↑ Democratic-Republican Party ; 「The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man.」
↑ Napoleon, Jefferson, and the Louisiana Purchase （第三十九卷）
↑ Brown·Everett Somerville The constitutional history of the Louisiana Purchase, 1803–1812 ; Berkeley, University of California Press，一千九百二十年
↑ Garry Wills. Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power, Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

[1] Thomas Jefferson

[2] 、The Essential Jefferson ; Hackett Publishing，二千有六年; ISBN 978-1603843782

[3] Larson·Edward J. A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign ：第二十一頁; Simon and Schuster，二千有七年; ISBN 9780743293174; 「The divisions between Adams and Jefferson were exasperated by the more extreme views expressed by some of their partisans, particularly the High Federalists led by Hamilton on what was becoming known as the political right, and the democratic wing of the Republican Party on the left, associated with New York Governor George Clinton and Pennsylvania legislator Albert Gallatin, among others.」

[4] Democratic-Republican Party ; 「The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man.」

[5] Napoleon, Jefferson, and the Louisiana Purchase （第三十九卷）

[6] Brown·Everett Somerville The constitutional history of the Louisiana Purchase, 1803–1812 ; Berkeley, University of California Press，一千九百二十年

[7] Garry Wills. Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power, Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

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